自動切替スイッチが発電機に切り替わらない？原因と診断手順

クイックアンサー：自動切替スイッチが発電機に切り替わらないのはなぜ？

自動切替スイッチが発電機電源に切り替わらない場合は、切替シーケンスの中で最初に失敗したステップを特定します。ATSが許容できない商用電源を検出したか、エンジン始動指令を発したか、許容可能な発電機の電圧と周波数を受けたか、プログラムされた遅延を完了したか、切替機構が動作したか、正しい位置フィードバックを返したかを確認します。最初に欠落している状態が通常、故障箇所を示します。.

発電機が運転しているからといって、ATSが切替準備完了であるとは限りません。発電機の出力ブレーカーが開いている、電圧または周波数がコントローラーの許容範囲外である、相が欠落している、許可入力がない、またはコントローラーが指令を出した後に機構が故障する可能性があります。コントローラーを先に交換するのではなく、これらの状態を順番に確認すると、トラブルシューティングが速くなります。.

安全上の境界： ATSの筐体には、商用電源と発電機の導体が同時に通電している場合があります。作業員は、通電中の区画を開けずに表示器、警報、コントローラーイベントを記録できます。電圧測定、導通試験、手動機構操作、内部点検は、指定の機器マニュアル、現場切替手順、適用される電気安全規則に従い、有資格者のみが実施する必要があります。.

故障を切替シーケンスの断絶として読み取る

自動切替は1つの動作ではなく、判断の連鎖です。一般的な商用電源から発電機へのシーケンスは次のとおりです：

1. コントローラーが常用電源を監視します。.
2. 常用電源がプログラムされた検出遅延時間を超えて許容不能になります。.
3. ATSがエンジン始動接点を切り替えて発電機に指令を出します。.
4. 発電機が始動し、ATSの予備電源端子に電圧と周波数が発生します。.
5. コントローラーは安定化遅延後に予備電源を受け入れます。.
6. インターロックと許可条件が切替指令を許可します。.
7. 機構が常用電源を切り離し、切替設計に従って予備電源に接続します。.
8. 補助接点が新しい位置を確認します。.
9. 負荷端子に電圧が現れ、発電機が切替後の負荷を担います。.

まずコントローラーのイベントログと前面パネルの電源/位置表示器から始めます。最後に確認されたステップを書き留めます。発電機が始動要求を受け取っていない場合、電力接点を点検しても問題は解決しません。コントローラーが発電機を利用可能と表示しているのに機構が動かない場合、発電機の設定を変更しても解決しません。.

設定を変更する前にこれらのパラメータを記録する

有用なパラメータとは、コントローラーが電源を受け入れて動作を許可するかどうかを決定する値です。変更を行う前に、現在の設定と観測値を記録します。許容範囲と遅延範囲はコントローラーおよびプロジェクト固有であり、表は普遍的な設定値ではなく、何を記録すべきかを示しています。.

パラメータ	記録する内容	重要な理由	証拠源
公称電源電圧	設定された公称値とシステム相構成	設定が誤っていると、正常な電源が許容不能に見える可能性があります	承認済み設定ファイル、銘板、単線結線図
不足電圧および過電圧の制限値	各電源の動作/復帰値またはパーセント設定	ATSは、電源電圧が該当する制限値と遅延を超えた後にのみ切り替わります	コントローラのメニューと動作シーケンス
周波数制限値	不足周波数/過周波数の許容値	速度が不安定な間は、稼働中の発電機が依然として拒否される場合があります	コントローラのメニューと発電機データ
位相監視	欠相、相順、相不平衡機能が有効	One incorrect phase condition can block source acceptance	コントローラのステータスと設定
電源異常遅延	許容できない商用電源からエンジン始動動作までの時間	短時間の外乱による始動を防止します	アクティブタイマー表示と承認済み設定
発電機安定化遅延	切り替え前に代替電源が許容可能になってからの時間	電圧と周波数を安定させます	コントローラのタイマーとイベントログ
Transfer and mechanism timeout	Permitted time for open/close command and position confirmation	A timeout separates slow or failed motion from normal delay	Alarm code, event log and controller manual
Retransfer and cool-down delays	Utility-return verification time and unloaded generator run time	Explains why the ATS remains on generator or why the engine continues running	Controller and generator settings
Engine-start contact logic	Close-to-start or open-to-start; terminal numbers and observed state	Incompatible logic prevents the generator receiving the intended command	ATS schematic and generator remote-start diagram
Control supply	Rated AC/DC control voltage and value during the failed event	A control-voltage dip can reset the controller or drop the actuator	Ordered schematic and qualified measurement
Permissive and inhibit inputs	Normal state and state during the failed transfer	An external contact may intentionally block movement	I/O status screen, PLC/BMS log and wiring diagram
Position feedback	Normal-open, alternate-closed and intermediate-position contact states	The controller may command correctly but fail to confirm movement	Controller I/O screen and auxiliary-contact diagram

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観測された状態	Likely fault area	Best next evidence
Utility failed; generator does not start	ATS mode, sensing, start delay, start contact or control wiring	Normal-source status, active timer, start-output indication and generator remote-mode status
Generator runs; ATS says source unavailable	Generator output, breaker, voltage/frequency, phase or sensing circuit	Generator-available indicator, controller readings and qualified measurement at source terminals
Generator is available; no transfer command	Delay, inhibit, permissive, test mode or control logic	Active timer, inhibit input, alarm and event log
Transfer command appears; mechanism does not move	Control supply, actuator, coil, motor, interlock or mechanical obstruction	Command output, actuator supply and position feedback
Mechanism moves; load remains dead	Open generator breaker, damaged contact path, output connection or downstream protection	ATS position, source and load voltage, breaker states
Transfer occurs; generator trips or voltage collapses	Load step, generator capacity, inrush, protection setting or phase problem	Generator event log, current, frequency and voltage during the transfer

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Confirm Source Recognition from Utility Failure to Generator Availability

Checkpoint 1: Did the ATS Actually Reject the Utility Source?

The ATS normally remains on utility while the controller considers that source acceptable. A facility operator may see dim lights, a partial outage or a downstream panel failure while the voltage-sensing points at the ATS remain within their programmed limits. In that case, refusing to transfer may be correct behaviour rather than an ATS fault.

Check the normal-source indicator and the controller values for each monitored phase. Compare them with the configured undervoltage, overvoltage, frequency, phase-loss and phase-sequence functions for the ordered controller. Also check the time delay on normal-source failure. A short disturbance may disappear before that timer expires, deliberately preventing an unnecessary generator start.

Common reasons the controller still accepts utility

• The outage is downstream of the ATS sensing point.
• Only a circuit or load feeder has failed.
• The undervoltage pickup/dropout setting does not match the intended operating window.
• A sensing fuse or wiring fault gives the controller an incorrect state.
• The controller is reading the wrong nominal-voltage or source configuration.
• The source-failure delay has not expired.

Do not lower a voltage threshold simply to force transfer. First establish the intended source-quality limits and verify that the sensing configuration matches the system. A loose neutral or missing phase can create hazardous voltages that require investigation, not a wider acceptance window.

Checkpoint 2: Was the Generator Start Command Issued?

When the normal source is rejected, many utility-to-generator ATS controllers operate a dry contact connected to the generator remote-start circuit. The contact may close to start or open to start, depending on the generator and ATS design. The two devices must use compatible logic.

First confirm that the ATS is in AUTO or its normal operating mode. Maintenance, monitor, manual, inhibit, fire-control and exercise modes can intentionally block automatic transfer or change the start sequence. Record active alarms and input states before resetting anything; a reset can erase the most useful evidence.

If the controller shows that the start output has operated but the generator remains stopped, inspect the interface between the ATS and generator. Typical causes include an open control conductor, incorrect use of normally open or normally closed terminals, a loose terminal, a blown control fuse, a disabled generator remote mode, low starting-battery voltage or a generator shutdown alarm.

A jumper should not be improvised across start terminals unless the manufacturer’s procedure explicitly requires it and the test is controlled by qualified personnel. Unexpected generator starting can expose people working on the engine, alternator or downstream circuit.

Checkpoint 3: Is Generator Power Reaching the ATS?

A generator can be running while delivering no usable power to the transfer switch. The engine state and alternate-source electrical state are separate checkpoints.

Look for the controller’s generator-available indication. Check whether the generator output breaker is closed and whether any external isolator, feeder breaker or fuse between the generator and ATS is open. Inspect the generator controller for overvoltage, undervoltage, overspeed, underspeed, excitation, phase or breaker-trip alarms.

Where live testing is authorized, qualified personnel should measure the source at the ATS terminals—not only at the generator display. Confirm the correct phase-to-phase and, where applicable, phase-to-neutral voltages, frequency and phase rotation. A good reading at the alternator but no reading at the ATS points to the intervening breaker, cable, termination or protective device.

Why the ATS may reject a running generator

• Voltage remains outside the programmed acceptance band.
• Frequency has not stabilized.
• One phase is absent or the phase sequence is incorrect.
• The controller nominal voltage or sensing ratio is configured incorrectly.
• The generator breaker is open or has tripped.
• A sensing fuse, transformer or harness is open.
• The generator reaches acceptable conditions only briefly and drops out again.

Do not treat the generator’s unloaded panel voltage as final proof. The relevant value is the source condition recognized by the ATS, and later the voltage and frequency retained when the load is applied.

Trace the Transfer Command, Mechanism and Position Feedback

Checkpoint 4: Is a Timer or Permissive Holding the Transfer?

Once the alternate source is acceptable, transfer may still be delayed intentionally. A generator-warm-up timer allows voltage and frequency to stabilize. Other applications require a load-shed confirmation, elevator or motor sequence, UPS status, fire-system input, process permissive, or remote authorization before the switch moves.

Use the controller display to identify which timer is active and whether it is counting. Compare the setting with the approved sequence of operation rather than assuming a delay is excessive. On some controllers a test button or delay-bypass function can shorten a test sequence; this must be used only under the model-specific procedure and when the load is ready to transfer.

If the timer finishes but no command follows, inspect logic inputs for transfer inhibit, emergency inhibit, external trip, source preference, manual retransfer or load-shed confirmation. A permanently energized field contact can make the ATS appear defective while it is obeying the programmed interlock.

Checkpoint 5: Did the Controller Command the Mechanism?

This checkpoint separates a logic problem from an actuator or power-switching problem. Review the event log for commands such as open normal, close alternate, transfer initiated or failure to close. Compare the displayed command with the actual position indicators.

If no command was produced even though source and permissive conditions appear correct, possible causes include an active inhibit, configuration error, failed output, controller power problem or internal controller fault. Verify the controller supply and connectors using the manufacturer’s service instructions before condemning the controller.

If a command was produced, determine whether control voltage reached the relevant motor, solenoid, shunt trip, closing coil or breaker accessory. The exact circuit depends on whether the ATS uses a dedicated switching mechanism, contactors or motorized circuit breakers. Do not apply a generic terminal diagram to a different mechanism.

Checkpoint 6: Can the Switching Mechanism Complete Its Motion?

A controller can issue the correct command while the power mechanism remains in its previous position or stops between positions. Possible causes include:

• missing or low actuator control voltage;
• a blown control fuse or open control transformer secondary;
• a failed motor, solenoid, closing coil or shunt-trip circuit;
• a charged-spring or stored-energy mechanism that is not ready;
• an electrical or mechanical interlock that has not released;
• a breaker that has tripped and requires reset before closing;
• binding, contamination, corrosion or a shipping/maintenance obstruction;
• misaligned or failed limit switches and auxiliary contacts.

Listen for a command and observe the approved external position indication, but do not repeatedly cycle a mechanism that stalls or chatters. Repeated commands can overheat a coil or motor and damage contacts or linkages.

Manual operation is not an ordinary live troubleshooting shortcut. Manufacturer instructions commonly require both utility and generator sources to be isolated before using a manual handle. Follow the exact procedure for the model, verify absence of voltage, and preserve any stored-energy precautions.

Checkpoint 7: Does Position Feedback Agree with the Power Path?

The controller may use auxiliary contacts to prove that one source opened and the other closed. If the mechanism moves but the feedback contact does not change, the controller can report a failed transfer or block the next command. A loose plug, incorrect auxiliary-contact wiring, failed microswitch or mechanical misalignment can create this mismatch.

Compare three independent pieces of evidence:

1. the controller’s commanded state;
2. the approved mechanical position indicator;
3. the electrical state at the load terminals.

These states should agree. If the controller says “load on generator” but the load terminals remain dead, investigate the generator breaker, power contacts, bus connections and downstream protective devices. If load voltage is present but the controller does not confirm position, the feedback circuit is the stronger suspect.

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When the ATS Transfers but the Generator Cannot Hold the Load

Some systems complete the movement and then immediately return, trip or lose voltage. That is not the same symptom as “no transfer.” It indicates that the alternate source became unacceptable during or after the load step, or that protection operated.

Review generator voltage, frequency and current trends at the transfer instant. Large motors, transformers, UPS rectifiers and simultaneous load pickup can cause voltage dip or frequency decay. A generator breaker may trip because of overload, short circuit, earth fault or an incorrect protection setting. Phase imbalance or a loose neutral can create a source-quality failure even when total kW appears reasonable.

If the transferred load or generator capacity is uncertain, rebuild the current and load assumptions from the approved load schedule and generator data. The JUTRION generator sizing calculator for ATS backup provides a first-pass check of running load and starting demand. It does not diagnose a control failure, and its result must be verified against the generator manufacturer’s transient-performance data.

Use a Controlled Functional Test to Reproduce the Sequence

A controlled test is more useful than waiting for the next outage. Prepare the load, generator and responsible personnel, then use the test method specified for the ordered ATS. The procedure should verify:

• normal source is initially acceptable and carrying the load;
• the test command initiates the intended engine-start sequence;
• the generator reaches acceptable voltage and frequency;
• the programmed transfer delay operates;
• the mechanism reaches the alternate position;
• the generator carries the intended load without unacceptable voltage or frequency deviation;
• normal-source return and retransfer delay operate;
• the generator completes its cool-down period and stops;
• alarms, event logs, remote indications and position feedback agree throughout.

Do not simulate a failure by disconnecting arbitrary sensing wires or opening energized compartments. Use the controller’s approved test function or the project test procedure. Life-safety, fire-pump, medical, data-centre and continuous-process systems require coordination before any transfer test.

Capture the Evidence Before Resetting or Replacing Parts

Intermittent transfer faults are difficult to diagnose after power has returned and alarms have been cleared. Capture evidence before resetting the system:

• ATS manufacturer, model, controller type and serial number;
• normal and alternate source voltage, frequency and phase configuration;
• controller mode and source-available indicators;
• event and alarm codes with timestamps;
• active delay and its remaining time;
• engine-start output state and generator remote-mode state;
• generator output-breaker position;
• commanded position, mechanical position and feedback state;
• whether the failure occurred unloaded, during transfer or after load pickup;
• recent maintenance, setting changes or wiring work.

This record prevents “controller fault” from becoming the default diagnosis. It also allows a manufacturer or service technician to distinguish an ATS problem from a generator, field-wiring, protection or load problem.

Use the Exact Symptom to Enter the Correct Checkpoint

“The ATS did not transfer” is not specific enough for diagnosis. Record the last state the system completed, then enter the corresponding checkpoint above. This prevents generator, controller and mechanism faults from being mixed together.

Fault report	First checkpoint	Do not begin by replacing
Generator did not start	Utility sensing and engine-start output	Power-switching mechanism
Generator runs, source unavailable	Generator output at ATS and source settings	ATS main contacts
Both sources available, no command	Timers, mode, inhibits and permissives	Generator AVR
Command present, no motion	Control power, actuator and interlock	Complete controller without output checks
Motion present, wrong status	Auxiliary contacts and position feedback	Generator
Transfer followed by collapse	Loaded voltage, frequency, current and protection event	ATS sensing before reviewing the generator event
No retransfer to utility	Utility acceptance and return logic	Generator start circuit

Interpret Controller Indicators Without Treating Them as Measurements

Front-panel indicators are the safest first evidence, but each answers a limited question. A “generator available” LED usually means the controller has accepted the values it senses; it does not prove every phase is present at the load terminals. A “load on generator” indication may be driven by an auxiliary contact; it does not independently measure current flowing to the load.

Use the indicators to form a test hypothesis:

• Normal available: the controller accepts the normal source at its sensing inputs.
• Generator available: alternate-source voltage and frequency have met the configured acceptance logic.
• Engine start active: the controller has commanded its start-output state; field wiring and generator response still require confirmation.
• Transfer timer active: the controller is intentionally waiting, not necessarily stalled.
• Load connected: a position input has changed; verify actual output voltage if the load remains dead.
• Transfer failed: the commanded position was not confirmed within the permitted time.
• Source unavailable: a sensed value is outside acceptance, but the display may not identify whether the cause is the source, sensing circuit or configuration.

If the display provides per-phase voltage and frequency, compare the values with a qualified independent measurement when safe and authorized. A large disagreement points toward sensing wiring, fuses, transformers, selector plugs or configuration. Agreement with an out-of-range value points toward the source itself.

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Check Control Power Before Blaming the Controller

A blank screen, intermittent reset or missing output can result from a control-power problem outside the electronic controller. Depending on the ATS design, control power may come from one source, both sources through selection circuitry, a control transformer, a DC supply or an internal power module.

Review the correct schematic and identify which supply should energize the controller at each stage. During a utility failure, an arrangement that normally powers controls from utility must transition to an alternate control source or stored energy. A blown fuse, incorrect transformer tap, loose plug, low DC voltage or failed selector circuit can cause the controller to restart at exactly the time it should transfer.

Evidence of a control-power problem includes:

• display or LEDs resetting when a source fails;
• event-log timestamps restarting;
• relays chattering rather than holding;
• an actuator beginning motion and dropping out;
• normal operation in manual test but failure during a real source interruption;
• different behaviour when the panel door or wiring harness is moved.

Measure control voltage at the condition that produces the fault, not only during stable normal operation. Any live measurement requires appropriate equipment, access boundaries and qualified personnel.

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Use Event Timing to Find Intermittent Transfer Failures

An ATS that works during inspection but failed during an outage needs a timeline. Align records from the utility monitor, ATS controller, generator controller, protective devices, BMS or SCADA and critical-load equipment. Even controllers without detailed waveform capture usually preserve enough event order to identify the missing link.

A useful event timeline records:

1. the first normal-source abnormality;
2. the moment the ATS declared normal unavailable;
3. engine-start output operation;
4. generator crank and running status;
5. alternate-source voltage/frequency available;
6. transfer command;
7. normal-source open confirmation;
8. alternate-source close confirmation;
9. load voltage restoration;
10. any subsequent trip, retransfer or source-unavailable event.

Timing exposes faults that a static inspection misses. For example, if the generator becomes available for two seconds and then disappears, investigate its stabilization and output. If the transfer command and failed-to-close alarm are separated by the mechanism timeout, investigate actuator power and feedback. If the controller reboots between normal-source loss and engine start, investigate control-power continuity.

Environmental clues matter

Record whether failures coincide with low temperature, high humidity, condensation, dust, vibration, heavy load, battery age or long idle periods. Intermittent connectors, sticky mechanisms, weak starting batteries and enclosure heaters may pass a warm daytime test and fail during an overnight outage. The clue is correlation, not assumption; reproduce the condition safely before replacing parts.

Distinguish an ATS Fault from a Generator or Downstream Fault

The ATS sits between two sources and a load, so symptoms are often assigned to the wrong equipment. Use boundaries at the normal-source terminals, alternate-source terminals and load terminals.

Evidence	More likely area	Reason
No start output from ATS after confirmed source failure	ATS sensing, mode, timer or start logic	The generator has not yet been requested to act
Start output changes; generator does not crank	Field wiring, generator remote input, battery or generator alarm	The command left the ATS
Generator display shows voltage; ATS alternate terminals do not	Generator breaker, feeder or termination	Power is lost between generator and ATS
Alternate voltage reaches ATS; controller reads unavailable	Sensing circuit, settings or controller input	Power exists but is not accepted
Alternate source accepted; close command absent	ATS logic, delay, inhibit or permissive	The mechanism has not been asked to move
Close command and actuator power present; no movement	Actuator, interlock or mechanism	Logic and control delivery are proven
ATS load terminals energized; downstream panel dead	Downstream breaker, cable or load system	The transfer switch has delivered power

This boundary method also improves communication with suppliers. A report stating “generator voltage was present at ATS alternate terminals, controller remained unavailable, settings and sensing fuses checked” is actionable. “ATS does not work” is not.

Verify Retransfer and Cool-Down as Part of the Same System

A complete automatic sequence does not end when the load reaches generator power. When utility returns, the controller normally verifies that it remains acceptable for a return delay, transfers the load back and keeps the generator running unloaded for a cool-down period before releasing the start command.

If utility has returned but the ATS remains on generator, check normal-source acceptance, return delay, manual-retransfer mode, source preference and external inhibit inputs. In applications where return is intentionally supervised, the system may require an operator command even though automatic transfer to generator was permitted.

If the load returns to utility but the generator continues running, determine whether the ATS start contact remains in the run state, whether the field wiring is shorted, or whether the generator’s own cool-down or exercise logic is active. Avoid changing both ATS and generator timers at once; doing so makes the final cause difficult to prove.

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Commission the Complete Sequence and Prevent Repeat Failures

Many transfer failures originate at the interface between equipment supplied by different parties. Commissioning must verify the complete chain, not only that each component powers up.

Confirm the source definitions

Record nominal voltage, frequency, phase sequence, neutral arrangement and source preference. Confirm controller sensing selections or transformer taps against the actual system. Verify that both sources and the ATS are compatible before attempting transfer.

Prove the engine-start interface

Document whether the generator expects close-to-start or open-to-start logic and which terminals are used at both ends. Confirm remote mode, conductor continuity and the response to an approved ATS test command.

Prove every timer and inhibit

Record source-failure delay, engine-start delay, generator stabilization, transfer, return and cool-down settings. Operate external inhibit, load-shed and permissive contacts one at a time and verify that controller indication matches the intended sequence.

Prove position and remote status

Verify normal connected, alternate connected, source available, common alarm and transfer-failure outputs at the local display and remote monitoring system. Incorrectly mapped feedback can make a healthy ATS look failed to the BMS—or conceal a real failure.

Test under a representative load

A no-load movement test proves mechanics and part of the control chain, but it does not prove generator response to load pickup or contact-path performance. Where the project procedure permits, perform a representative loaded transfer and record voltage, frequency and current. Stage loads when the approved operating sequence requires it.

Leave a baseline record

Save settings, timer values, event logs, source readings, transfer times and position-feedback states from a successful test. Future technicians can compare a failed event against this known-good sequence rather than relying on memory.

Prevent the Same No-Transfer Fault from Returning

Exercise the complete system at an interval appropriate to the application and local requirements, not only the generator engine. A no-load engine run does not prove that the ATS senses, transfers, carries load, retransfers and stops correctly.

Maintenance should include inspection of control wiring, terminals, fuses, connectors, enclosure condition, heaters where fitted, position indication, mechanical operation under an approved isolated procedure, event logs and generator batteries. Review controller settings after firmware, generator, transformer, protection or load changes.

For projects selecting replacement equipment, confirm source arrangement, voltage, frequency, current, poles and neutral treatment, transfer class, short-circuit coordination, controller I/O and enclosure conditions. Use the JUTRION automatic transfer switch sizing calculator to screen load current, a suitable rating step and the initial pole/configuration questions. It cannot select the final ATS without the fault-current, neutral, transition and controller checks.

After those project inputs are confirmed, compare the result with the JUTRION automatic transfer switch range. The available PC-class, CB-class and controller configurations still have to be matched to the actual source, protection and operating sequence.

よくある質問

Finish the Diagnosis at the First Missing State

Do not begin with the most expensive component. Begin with the sequence. If the ATS never rejects utility, investigate sensing and settings. If it rejects utility but never requests a start, investigate mode, timers and the start circuit. If the generator runs but remains unavailable, investigate its electrical output and the ATS sensing path. If the source is accepted but the switch does not move, investigate permissives, control power, actuator and interlocks. If the mechanism moves but the load remains dead, verify the power path and feedback.

That evidence-led order shortens downtime and avoids replacing a controller for a generator breaker, a mechanism for an active inhibit, or an entire ATS for one open control conductor.

Technical References

• IEC 60947-6-1:2026 — Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear: Transfer switching equipment